|
The linguistic expression ''used to'' expresses past states or past habitual actions (usually with the implication that they are no longer so), such as: "I used to eat gargantuan servings of ice cream."; or a state of accustomedness, such as: "I am used to eating small, self discipline realizing, servings of ice cream, now."; or that something is being utilized for some purpose, such as: "The ice cream that they have you eat after getting a tongue piercing is used to sooth the injured oral member as well as numb it with coldness while eating". In the first of the three cases it is followed by the infinitive (that is, the full expression consists of the verb ''used'' plus the ''to''-infinitive). Thus the statement ''"I used to go to college."'' means that the speaker formerly habitually went to college, and normally implies that this is no longer the case. ''Used to'' may be classed among the modals or semimodals on the grounds that it is invariant and defective in form like the other modals, and can follow auxiliary-verb syntax: it is possible to form questions like ''Used he to come here?'' and negatives like ''He used not (rarely usedn't) to come here.'' More common, however, (though not the most formal style) is the syntax that treats ''used'' as a past tense of an ordinary verb, and forms questions and negatives using did: ''Did he use(d) to come here? He didn't use(d) to come here.'' Note the difference in pronunciation between the ordinary verb use /juːz/ and its past form used /juːzd/ (as in scissors are used to cut paper), and the verb forms described here: /juːst/ and (when supported by did) /juːs/.〔(Note the difference in pronunciation between the ordinary verb use /juːz/ ... ) redfoxsanakirja.fi 9 November 2015〕 The verbal use of ''used to'' should not be confused with the adjectival use of the same expression, meaning "familiar with", as in ''I am used to this'', ''we must get used to the cold''. When the adjectival form is followed by a verb, the gerund is used: I am used to going to college in the mornings. (The pronunciation of the adjectival used in this expression is also /juːst/.) It is better not to apply ''used to'' in questions or negative sentences; but this is sometimes used in informal spoken English. That is better to ask questions and make negative forms using Simple past. ''Used to'' says the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it does not usually occur in the present. ''Used to'' can also be used to talk about past realities or generalizations which are no longer real. Both Simple Past and ''used to'' can be applied to talk past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however, ''used to'' is preferred when emphasizing these forms of past repetition in positive forms. On the other hand, when making questions or making negative sentences, Simple Past is better.〔(Used To ) englishpage.com〕〔(used to do ) englishclub.com〕〔(Used to ) englishgrammarsecrets.com〕 We apply expression the ''use to'' to talk about habits or frequent actions in the former which we don’t do in the present. We also use it to identify states in the past which are no longer true. For example:〔(‘Used to + infinitive’: ) perfect-english-grammar.com〕〔(used to ) learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org〕 * I used to have short hair (but now I have long hair). * He used to read (but now he doesn’t read). * They used to live in Iran (but now they live in England). With the negative and the question form it’s ‘use’ and not ‘used’:〔(‘Used to + infinitive’: ) perfect-english-grammar.com〕〔(Used to vs. Use to ) grammar.cl〕 * Did you use to be a worker? * Did he use to study Germany? * He didn’t use to like cake, but he does now. * I didn’t use to want to have an expensive villa. It is also used (in the form (+ infinitive )) to talk about a habit or frequent action in a former time. We usually apply (+ infinitive ) in this method when we are telling a story about the past.〔(‘Used to + infinitive’: ) perfect-english-grammar.com〕 * When I was a kid, we would often have a drink after class on a Monday. * When I lived in Romania, we would go to a little bar near our house. There is a considerable difference between (to + (verb) ) and (be) + used to ).〔(http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/how-to-use-used-to-in-english/ ) english-at-home.com〕 I used to drink black coffee, means that, in the past I drank black coffee, but now I don't. ''Used to'' describes an action that did happen, but doesn't happen now.〔(I used to vs I am used to ) ecenglish.com〕 * When I was younger I used to play with toys, but I don't anymore. * Before I passed my driving test, I used to cycle. * I am used to something * I am used to drinking black coffee. "I am used to drinking black coffee", means that, at first drinking black coffee was unusual, but now it has gotten familiar. (be + used to ) tells of a state of affairs that was unfamiliar, but that the speaker/writer is now accustomed to (also sometimes a state of affairs that was once hard and is now simple or easy). I am accustomed to black coffee, has the same meaning. * It took me a while, but I'm eventually used to using this new computer. * I'm getting used to the abnormal smell in the factory. * I'll never get used to the heat in Iraq. In ''Longman Language Activator'' usual uses of ''used to'' are shown in the below list:〔Adrian, Evadne. Longman Language Activator. Longman Group United Kingdom, 2006. ISBN 0582419522.〕 * used to do sth * there used to be * never used to be * didn't use to do sth * used not to do sth == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「English modals of habits and past facts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|